Much of the protein of the inner membrane can be stripped away using very dilute solutions of acetic acid, suggesting that a large proportion of the inner membrane proteins are extrinsic. [93] The citric acid cycle oxidizes the acetyl-CoA to carbon dioxide, and, in the process, produces reduced cofactors (three molecules of NADH and one molecule of FADH2) that are a source of electrons for the electron transport chain, and a molecule of GTP (that is readily converted to an ATP). [124] The variation in ATP levels at different stages of the cell cycle support the hypothesis that mitochondria play an important role in cell cycle regulation. A critical role for the ER in calcium signaling was acknowledged before such a role for the mitochondria was widely accepted, in part because the low affinity of Ca2+ channels localized to the outer mitochondrial membrane seemed to contradict this organelle's purported responsiveness to changes in intracellular Ca2+ flux. [90] Plant mitochondria can also produce a limited amount of ATP without oxygen by using the alternate substrate nitrite.
The ribosomes coded for by the mitochondrial DNA are similar to those from bacteria in size and structure. The most prominent roles of mitochondria are to produce the energy currency of the cell, ATP (i.e., phosphorylation of ADP), through respiration, and to regulate cellular metabolism. A few types of cells, such as red blood cells, lack mitochondria entirely. The genes, while highly conserved, may vary in location. [99] Thermogenin is primarily found in brown adipose tissue, or brown fat, and is responsible for non-shivering thermogenesis. [57] These folds are studded with small round bodies known as F1 particles or oxysomes. For example, a single mitochondrion may divide synchronously with the nucleus. [18] The production of ATP from glucose and oxygen has an approximately 13-times higher yield during aerobic respiration compared to fermentation. [84] The mitochondria can be found nestled between myofibrils of muscle or wrapped around the sperm flagellum. [108] In neurons, concomitant increases in cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium act to synchronize neuronal activity with mitochondrial energy metabolism. ROS increases uncoupling proteins (UCPs) and potentiate proton leakage through the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT), the combination of which uncouples the mitochondria. [89] When oxygen is limited, the glycolytic products will be metabolized by anaerobic fermentation, a process that is independent of the mitochondria.
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