San Martin, arrived to Peru with an army of approximately 4 000 soldiers, however, this army was every day product of the desertions of soldiers that belonged to the royal army. Simón Bolívar arrived to Peru on September first, 1823. A revisionist study by historian Paul E. Gootenberg shows in The campaign of Sucre in Upper Peru concluded in April 1825, and in November of the same year Mexico obtained the surrender of the Spanish bastion of San Juan de Ulúa in North America. The ambitions of Gamarra and Salaverry were thwarted by Andrés de Santa Cruz, a military commander of Spanish-Indian descent who proposed a confederation of Peru and Bolivia. On September 7th 1820, a fleet of eight warships landed in the port of Paracas under the command of general Jose de San Martin and Thomas Cochrane of the Chilean Navy. obrajes, which were unable to compete with their more technologically The liberation movement started in Argentina where autonomous juntas were created as a result of the loss of authority of the Spanish government over its colonies. Taxes on this industry, which was controlled by foreign corporations, furnished the principal source of government revenue for several decades. The royalist army under the command of General José de Canterac leaves Lima, and proceeded to the highlands on 25 June 1721. The best kept example of its architecture is Machu Picchu. 1742- Juan Santos Atahualpa led an uprising against the Spanish government that ultimately failed. Through his influence, an assembly in 1860 adopted a constitution that lasted into the 1900s. Peru’s independence was, consequently, achieved primarily by outsiders.